1960s to 1977
A Difficult Childhood
[Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) was born in 1960, the youngest of a large working-class Irish Catholic family. His father died when he was an infant, and his mother struggled to support the children as older siblings moved in and out of the crowded home.
December 1977
His Mother’s Death
During his final year of high school, [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348)’s mother died after a seizure caused a car crash. At [Mountainside Hospital](entity:location-recall-location-mountainside-hospita-10ba510206af), he was told she had died and that her body had been taken away; he later believed the hospital had deceived him.
1978 to January 1984
Enlistment in the Navy
After repeated suicidal crises and difficulty returning to school, [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) enlisted in the [United States Navy](entity:organization-recall-organization-united-states-na-f3ced60de010), seeking the structure and identity of a uniform. He served first as a submarine electronics technician and later on a supply ship, where he struggled with discipline, isolation, and heavy drinking.
March 1984
Nursing School Begins
After leaving the Navy, [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) enrolled at [Mountainside Hospital](entity:location-recall-location-mountainside-hospita-10ba510206af) School of Nursing. The work suited his technical aptitude, and the close-knit, nurturing environment gave him a sense of belonging he had rarely experienced.
1984 to 1987
A Quick Courtship
While working several jobs to pay for nursing school, [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) became fixated on Adrianne Baum, a manager at Roy Rogers. He courted her with persistent attention and gifts, and she understood his openness about depression and alcoholism as evidence that he had his troubles under control.
June 1987
Marriage and First Nursing Job
[Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) and Adrianne married soon after he graduated from nursing school. He began work at Saint Barnabas Medical Center’s burn unit immediately after their honeymoon, insisting that the job could not wait.
1987 onward
Life in the Burn Unit
At Saint Barnabas Medical Center, [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) cared for patients with devastating burns, including children suffering from abuse and pain that available treatments could not adequately ease. He was drawn to the unit’s technical demands and to caring for people whose lives depended on nurses.
1987 to 1990
A New Family and a Hidden Basement
The Cullens bought a modest home, had a daughter, and tried to build a family around conflicting work schedules. Adrianne increasingly found Charles emotionally absent; he secretly drank alone in the basement and retreated there when she confronted him.
Around 1989
The Missing Puppy
A puppy disappeared while [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) was home with the baby, and he offered Adrianne an explanation that left her uneasy. After their neighbor’s poisoned beagle was found dead, Adrianne began connecting the animal deaths and other disturbing incidents to her husband’s unsettling behavior.
February 1991
Insulin Crashes at Saint Barnabas
At Saint Barnabas Medical Center, patients [Anna Byers](entity:character-recall-character-anna-byers-d3a5dfe95183) and [Fred Belf](entity:character-recall-character-fred-belf-08ff83ee2eb9) became dangerously hypoglycemic while receiving heparin infusions. Tests showed insulin in the bags, including evidence of unusual needle punctures, while other patients across the critical-care units had suffered unexplained crashes.
February to March 1991
Hospital Investigators Focus on Cullen
Risk manager Karen Seiden and security officials [Thomas Arnold](entity:character-recall-character-thomas-arnold-c4721dabf093) and [Joe Barry](entity:character-recall-character-joe-barry-b88e6632947e) compared staff schedules with the insulin incidents. [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) was among the few nurses present during every relevant code, and his detached response to questioning intensified their suspicions.
March to October 1991
A Failed Internal Investigation
Saint Barnabas Medical Center tightened insulin controls, interviewed staff, and installed cameras, but the surveillance did not catch anyone tampering with medication. Further insulin poisonings occurred, yet the hospital could not establish a prosecutable link; the investigation remained internal and inconclusive.
Late 1991 to January 1992
Cullen Leaves Saint Barnabas
The insulin incidents stopped after [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) was no longer given shifts at Saint Barnabas Medical Center. He believed the hospital knew what he had done, but interpreted its failure to involve police as a kind of absolution.
January 1992
A Cover Story at Warren
[Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) told Adrianne that Saint Barnabas had scapegoated him in a dispute over a possible nurses’ strike. He quickly obtained a position at [Warren Hospital](entity:location-recall-location-warren-hospital-72ec39cc6bc2), listing Saint Barnabas as a reference and explaining the move as a shorter commute.
1991 to 1992
Marital Breakdown
Adrianne discovered that [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) had resumed drinking and was unwilling to seek treatment. His staged suicidal gestures and emotional withdrawal deepened her fear for herself and their children, while she began quietly consulting a lawyer about divorce and custody.
November 1992 to January 1993
Divorce and Separation
Adrianne filed for divorce and asked her father to protect her during surgery at [Warren Hospital](entity:location-recall-location-warren-hospital-72ec39cc6bc2), where [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) worked. Although she initially agreed that they could share the house temporarily, her anxiety about his behavior remained.
March 1993
Stalking Michelle
After a brief date with coworker Michelle Tomlinson, [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) became convinced that she needed him despite her rejection. He repeatedly called her and circled her home, interpreting her silence as a sign of distress rather than a demand to be left alone.
March 23, 1993
The Home Break-In
[Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) broke a glass door to enter Michelle Tomlinson’s home while she and her son slept. The next morning he admitted that he had done it, claiming he had wanted to check that she was safe; Michelle contacted police, and a warrant was issued.
March 1993
Suicide Attempt Before Surrender
After learning police were looking for him, [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) took Xanax and painkillers before driving to the police station. Released without being jailed, he became impaired behind the wheel and eventually called for help, leading to another hospital admission.
Spring 1993
Psychiatric Hospitalization
Following another crisis, [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) was treated at Greystone Psychiatric Hospital. The quiet routine and sustained attention temporarily eased his distress, but the relief did not resolve the patterns that had brought him there.
May 1993
Return to Nursing
While still at Greystone Psychiatric Hospital, [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) learned that [Warren Hospital](entity:location-recall-location-warren-hospital-72ec39cc6bc2) wanted him back once a physician cleared him for work. He returned to the hospital and was moved to telemetry, where his technical explanations and attention to patients could again make him appear unusually capable.
September 1, 1993
Helen Dean’s Fatal Injection
[Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) entered Helen Dean’s room, sent her son Larry away, and injected her thigh with digoxin. She became violently ill and died the next day; her son’s insistence that she had been deliberately injected brought the case to the prosecutor’s attention.
September 1993
A Missed Chance to Prove the Crime
[Warren Hospital](entity:location-recall-location-warren-hospital-72ec39cc6bc2) and prosecutors questioned [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348), searched his locker, and placed him on paid leave. The medical examiner tested Helen Dean’s injection site but did not test for digoxin, and her death was classified as natural causes.
1994 to 1996
The Hunterdon Years
[Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) found work in the ICU at [Hunterdon Hospital](entity:location-recall-location-hunterdon-hospital-ee854176c3f2) and initially earned praise for his patient advocacy and reliability. His performance later deteriorated: coworkers reported inappropriate care, medication errors, and unrecorded drugs, while his supervisor Marjorie Whelan discovered that the pattern did not resemble ordinary mistakes.
July to October 1996
Resignation and Another Lost Job
When Marjorie Whelan warned that another incident would cost him his job, [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) angrily resigned, then failed to return for the per-diem shifts offered afterward. He focused on feeling persecuted rather than on the safety concerns that had prompted the warning.
1996 to August 1997
Trouble at Morristown
[Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) moved to [Morristown Memorial Hospital](entity:location-recall-location-morristown-memorial-6901288c122d), where coworkers documented patient complaints, poor care, and questionable medication practices. After a patient died following a missed dose of prescribed heparin, the hospital terminated him for performance and nursing-practice problems.
Late 1997 to May 1998
Financial Collapse
After another psychiatric crisis and prolonged periods without work, [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) accumulated heavy debt, including unpaid support obligations. He sought work across the state line, where a new nursing license and incomplete employment checks offered another chance to start over.
May 6, 1998
Insulin Attack on Francis Henry
At Liberty Nursing and Rehabilitation Center, [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) decided that Francis Henry belonged in a hospital and injected insulin into his IV. Henry suffered violent seizures and fell into a coma; the next day he was transferred to a hospital and later died.
May to October 1998
Liberty’s Response
Liberty’s internal inquiry found an unexplained insulin overdose but did not pursue a criminal investigation. The center fired another nurse, Kimberly Pepe, who later alleged that management had initially suspected [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348); he was eventually dismissed for violating drug protocol after another medication incident.
December 1998
Ottomar Schramm’s Death
At [Easton Hospital](entity:location-recall-location-easton-hospital-34f0cb1960bb), [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) gave Ottomar Schramm digoxin even though the drug had not been prescribed. Schramm briefly appeared to improve, then died with a dangerously elevated digoxin level; his daughter [Kristina Toth](entity:character-recall-character-kristina-toth-8cefe852135b) was urged by the family doctor to request an autopsy.
1999
An Accidental Ruling
The investigation into Ottomar Schramm’s death found digoxin poisoning but could not identify who had administered the drug. The coroner classified the death as accidental, and [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) moved on before the suspicion could be tied to him.
August 31, 1999
Matthew Mattern’s Slow Code
At [Lehigh Valley Hospital](entity:location-recall-location-lehigh-valley-hospit-6387a5571275), twenty-two-year-old burn patient [Matthew Mattern](entity:character-recall-character-matthew-mattern-efa8ec6ad898) was gravely injured and unlikely to survive. [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) injected him with digoxin during the night, ending what colleagues regarded as a slow code; the nurses believed the death was inevitable, not knowing that it had been hastened.
Early 2000
A Bathtub Suicide Attempt
Overwhelmed by conflict at work and in his personal life, [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) built a small fire in a hibachi placed inside his bathtub and sealed the apartment vents. A police officer found the smoke and fuel smell, interrupted the attempt, and arranged for an ambulance.
April 2000
A New Start at Saint Luke’s
[Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) left [Lehigh Valley Hospital](entity:location-recall-location-lehigh-valley-hospit-6387a5571275) and secured a position in the coronary care unit at [Saint Luke’s Hospital](entity:location-recall-location-saint-luke-s-hospita-c90c6c8a46d4), with a hiring bonus and a prestigious workplace. He quickly became a favored night nurse because he arrived early, worked efficiently, and helped colleagues with medication and emergency care.
February 2001
The Anonymous Admirer
At [Saint Luke’s Hospital](entity:location-recall-location-saint-luke-s-hospita-c90c6c8a46d4), [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) left gifts for a young unit clerk under the invented name Brian Flynn. When he revealed himself, coworkers laughed and the women seemed uncomfortable, leaving him with a sharper sense of how anonymity gave him control and attention.
2001
A Patient Poisoned at Saint Luke’s
[Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) injected digoxin into the IV of a gravely ill woman newly transferred to [Saint Luke’s Hospital](entity:location-recall-location-saint-luke-s-hospita-c90c6c8a46d4). He then waited for a code, positioned himself as a resuscitation leader, and returned to his routine as though the death confirmed his own control over events.
Spring 2001 to June 2002
Medication Disappearances
[Pronestyl](entity:object-recall-object-pronestyl-8a2b316cf3f7) and other drugs repeatedly disappeared from [Saint Luke’s Hospital](entity:location-recall-location-saint-luke-s-hospita-c90c6c8a46d4)’s supply, but staff initially treated the losses as a puzzling nuisance. [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) was also discarding medication and moving chairs as acts of indirect defiance, expecting the hospital to notice and respond.
June 2002
The Sharps Bin Discovery
[Kim Wolfe](entity:character-recall-character-kim-wolfe-7f9c32ac9a6d) opened the sharps disposal bin and found discarded drug boxes rather than used needles. Gerry Kimble and [Candy Wahlmark](entity:character-recall-character-candy-wahlmark-0ec46d236575) helped inventory the contents, including empty vials of the potent paralytic vecuronium bromide and the missing [Pronestyl](entity:object-recall-object-pronestyl-8a2b316cf3f7).
June 2, 2002
Cullen Seen in the Medication Room
As staff watched the medication room, [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) arrived early and spent several minutes inside. Another cache of drugs was found after his shift, and the nurses alerted management that they believed they knew who was responsible for the diverted medications.
June 3, 2002
Edward O’Toole’s Poisoning
After the latest cache was discovered, investigators realized that the drugs had already been used on patient Edward O’Toole. [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) later confessed to killing O’Toole with vecuronium bromide, although the cause of death could not be officially established at the time.
June 2002
The Lawyer’s Interview
Hospital attorney [Paul Laughlin](entity:character-recall-character-paul-laughlin-2a3ee1d439e1) questioned [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) about the missing drugs and the shifts when they were found. Cullen was offered the opportunity to resign, and [Saint Luke’s Hospital](entity:location-recall-location-saint-luke-s-hospita-c90c6c8a46d4) chose a course that left him with a neutral employment reference and no public warning tied to patient harm.
August 2002
Warnings Passed Selectively
[Saint Luke’s Hospital](entity:location-recall-location-saint-luke-s-hospita-c90c6c8a46d4) administrators privately warned some nearby hospitals not to hire [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348), yet did not alert every institution where he might work, the police, or the nursing board. [Pat Medellin](entity:character-recall-character-pat-medellin-28ba4f621f2c), convinced that patients had died suspiciously on Cullen’s shifts, eventually took her concerns to authorities.
August 2002 to 2003
The Pennsylvania Investigation
[Pennsylvania](entity:location-recall-location-pennsylvania-df47ee289232) investigators interviewed Saint Luke’s staff and reviewed patient records after [Pat Medellin](entity:character-recall-character-pat-medellin-28ba4f621f2c) reported her suspicions. Nurses described unusual deaths, medication diversion, and a disproportionate share of codes during [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348)’s shifts, but the available medical evidence did not support a prosecutable case.
June to August 2002
A New Job at Sacred Heart
After leaving [Saint Luke’s Hospital](entity:location-recall-location-saint-luke-s-hospita-c90c6c8a46d4), [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) quickly obtained work at [Sacred Heart Hospital](entity:location-recall-location-sacred-heart-hospita-d76f716928a7) using neutral references. Staff there learned of his history from a nurse who had worked at [Easton Hospital](entity:location-recall-location-easton-hospital-34f0cb1960bb), and coworkers threatened to quit unless Cullen was dismissed.
September 2002
Somerset Hires Cullen
[Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) accepted a critical-care position at [Somerset Medical Center](entity:location-recall-location-somerset-medical-cen-d0b3ecd7b8fd), presenting a long record of experience and a willingness to work nights, weekends, and holidays. His record had been fragmented across states and employers, and the hospital hired him without learning the full significance of earlier concerns.
September to October 2002
Friendship with Amy
At [Somerset Medical Center](entity:location-recall-location-somerset-medical-cen-d0b3ecd7b8fd), [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) quickly bonded with [Amy Loughren](entity:character-recall-character-amy-loughren-a886e1e2e5ed), an outspoken nurse who was privately struggling with anxiety and an abusive childhood. She found him funny, attentive, and in need of protection, while he welcomed the maternal attention and trust she offered.
October 2002 to February 2003
Amy’s Heart Condition
[Amy Loughren](entity:character-recall-character-amy-loughren-a886e1e2e5ed) experienced serious heart-rhythm problems but continued working in the critical-care unit. When [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) learned she was unwell, he gave her medication and offered to cover her patients, promising to keep her condition secret.
January to May 2003
A New Series of Poisonings
While Amy was away for cardiac treatment and recovery, [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348)’s patient poisonings continued. At [Somerset Medical Center](entity:location-recall-location-somerset-medical-cen-d0b3ecd7b8fd), he used combinations of medications on patients including Elanor Stoecker, Joyce Mangini, Giacomino Toto, John Shanagher, and Dorthea Hoagland, while his reputation as a skilled responder to codes grew.
May 15, 2003
Michael Strenko’s Death
Michael Strenko, a young patient with a complicated autoimmune illness, deteriorated during a series of codes. [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) had used drugs that may have pushed him toward death, then gave Strenko’s mother a stark description of her son’s condition; she ordered him to leave, and Strenko died around 2 a.m.
Spring 2003
Insulin Controls Raise Questions
[Somerset Medical Center](entity:location-recall-location-somerset-medical-cen-d0b3ecd7b8fd) introduced new insulin sign-out procedures, requiring nurses to document amounts in a way that [Amy Loughren](entity:character-recall-character-amy-loughren-a886e1e2e5ed) considered unreliable. When she demanded to know why insulin was being treated as especially dangerous, her manager told her the change was not about her.
June 14, 2003
Jin Kyung Han’s Overdose
[Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) used the [Pyxis](entity:object-recall-object-pyxis-3cf933afd93e) machine to retrieve digoxin under a canceled order and injected an excessive dose into Jin Kyung Han’s IV, despite a physician having discontinued the medication. Her digoxin levels rose sharply, but doctors recognized the toxicity and treated her before it killed her.
June 2003
Reverend Gall’s Recovery
[Florian Gall](entity:character-recall-character-florian-gall-c979001cc01a) arrived gravely ill, and his sister Lucille kept close watch over his care. He gradually improved, his do-not-resuscitate order was rescinded, and his digoxin was discontinued; [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) continued to monitor his chart and resented Lucille’s questions.
June 28, 2003
Gall’s Fatal Digoxin Spike
[Florian Gall](entity:character-recall-character-florian-gall-c979001cc01a) unexpectedly went into cardiac arrest and died after his blood digoxin level surged despite the drug having been discontinued. [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) had access to Gall and his records, but was not assigned to him on the night of the fatal spike.
July 7, 2003
Poison Control Warns Somerset
Pharmacist [Nancy Doherty](entity:character-recall-character-nancy-doherty-818f284f4c1e) called the [New Jersey Poison Control Center](entity:organization-recall-organization-new-jersey-poiso-70e299c4fd4c) to understand Gall’s toxic digoxin levels. Bruce Ruck concluded that the level could not have risen without additional drug and warned that the unexplained digoxin and insulin cases constituted a [police matter](entity:expression-recall-expression-police-matter-211127304aad).
July 2003
Somerset Delays Reporting
[Somerset Medical Center](entity:location-recall-location-somerset-medical-cen-d0b3ecd7b8fd) administrators consulted attorneys and continued an internal investigation rather than immediately contacting police. After Poison Control director [Steven Marcus](entity:character-recall-character-steven-marcus-d8a91c5d0c2a) pressed the hospital and contacted state officials, risk manager [Mary Lund](entity:character-recall-character-mary-lund-a07b16733724) reported four patient incidents to the health department.
July 14, 2003
Cullen’s Internal Interview
Attorney [Raymond J. Fleming](entity:character-recall-character-raymond-j-fleming-7a221f98630e) and [Mary Lund](entity:character-recall-character-mary-lund-a07b16733724) questioned [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) about [Florian Gall](entity:character-recall-character-florian-gall-c979001cc01a), missing digoxin, and canceled [Pyxis](entity:object-recall-object-pyxis-3cf933afd93e) orders. Cullen acknowledged that canceled orders remained in the system, giving him reason to stop using that method to obtain drugs.
September 22, 2003
Strickland’s Insulin Attack
[Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) entered James Strickland’s room even though Strickland was not his assigned patient and injected insulin into his IV. The next day Strickland’s blood sugar collapsed, and he suffered a prolonged, terrifying seizure as nurses struggled to restore it.
October 2003
Strickland’s Later Death
James Strickland survived the insulin crisis but remained at [Somerset Medical Center](entity:location-recall-location-somerset-medical-cen-d0b3ecd7b8fd). [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) later administered digoxin, and Strickland died; the drug did not appear in either the patient chart or Cullen’s recorded [Pyxis](entity:object-recall-object-pyxis-3cf933afd93e) requests.
October 16 to 21, 2003
Cullen’s Poisoning of Ed Zizik
[Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348)’s two patients included Ed Zizik, a hospital volunteer whose care he shared with [Amy Loughren](entity:character-recall-character-amy-loughren-a886e1e2e5ed). Cullen made an extraordinary number of fragmented [Pyxis](entity:object-recall-object-pyxis-3cf933afd93e) entries, including ordinary supplies and canceled orders, while Zizik died from a digoxin overdose that was absent from the recorded medication activity.
October 2003
Cullen Is Fired
[Somerset Medical Center](entity:location-recall-location-somerset-medical-cen-d0b3ecd7b8fd) terminated [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348), citing inaccuracies in his employment application. He told [Amy Loughren](entity:character-recall-character-amy-loughren-a886e1e2e5ed) that the hospital had revived an old dispute with [Saint Luke’s Hospital](entity:location-recall-location-saint-luke-s-hospita-c90c6c8a46d4) and made him a scapegoat, while Amy believed he had been treated unfairly.
October 2003
The Prosecutors Take the Case
[Tim Braun](entity:character-recall-character-tim-braun-8963f0101bc8) and [Danny Baldwin](entity:character-recall-character-danny-baldwin-bb9df9ee655e) were initially sent to examine what appeared to be an ordinary hospital death. [Somerset Medical Center](entity:location-recall-location-somerset-medical-cen-d0b3ecd7b8fd) then disclosed a cluster of six unexplained patient incidents, five fatal, and the investigators learned that the hospital had spent months investigating before bringing them in.
October 2003
Cullen Emerges as a Suspect
The investigators found a four-page legal memo describing an interview with [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348), though hospital counsel offered almost no other records from its inquiry. A [Pennsylvania State Police](entity:organization-recall-organization-pennsylvania-sta-8ece4915fd35) check then connected Cullen to the earlier suspicious digoxin death at [Easton Hospital](entity:location-recall-location-easton-hospital-34f0cb1960bb).
October 27, 2003
A Medical Review Confirms Poisoning
At Saint Michael’s Hospital, physician [Leon Smith](entity:character-recall-character-leon-smith-3c85b2a88bbe) reviewed the most suspicious Somerset records and concluded that four patients appeared to have received overdoses from an outside source. This gave the detectives a medical basis for treating the incidents as possible deliberate poisonings rather than unexplained complications.
October 30, 2003
Gall’s Body Is Exhumed
With Lucille Gall’s permission, detectives exhumed her brother Florian’s body at [Holy Trinity Cemetery](entity:location-recall-location-holy-trinity-cemeter-1d56a09fa3a6). Medical examiner [Nobby C. Mambo](entity:character-recall-character-nobby-c-mambo-6f804cf7a375) collected extensive tissue and fluid samples, giving the investigation a chance to test the suspected poison directly.
November 2003
Amy Becomes an Informant
[Danny Baldwin](entity:character-recall-character-danny-baldwin-bb9df9ee655e) showed [Amy Loughren](entity:character-recall-character-amy-loughren-a886e1e2e5ed) Cullen’s [Pyxis](entity:object-recall-object-pyxis-3cf933afd93e) activity during the night Gall died. The entries struck her as profoundly abnormal, and she accepted the detectives’ request to help them while concealing the investigation from her hospital colleagues and from Cullen.
November 2003
Canceled Orders Reveal a Pattern
[Amy Loughren](entity:character-recall-character-amy-loughren-a886e1e2e5ed) recognized that [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) repeatedly ordered and canceled drugs, a maneuver that opened the [Pyxis](entity:object-recall-object-pyxis-3cf933afd93e) drawer even though the recorded activity did not show a completed withdrawal. She counted dozens of canceled digoxin orders, a pattern that gave the detectives a possible explanation for how Cullen could obtain drugs without leaving an ordinary record.
November 2003
The Hidden Pharmacy Route
When the canceled digoxin entries stopped, [Amy Loughren](entity:character-recall-character-amy-loughren-a886e1e2e5ed) looked for another way [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) could obtain medication. She realized that he positioned himself near the unit doors and routinely accepted drug deliveries from pharmacy runners, allowing him access without using the [Pyxis](entity:object-recall-object-pyxis-3cf933afd93e) at all.
November 2003
Cerner Reveals Cullen’s Surveillance
[Amy Loughren](entity:character-recall-character-amy-loughren-a886e1e2e5ed) examined [Cerner](entity:object-recall-object-cerner-ea2e41ce91b2) records and found that [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) spent much of his shift browsing the charts of patients who were not assigned to him. The time-stamped activity suggested that he was tracking patients’ laboratory results and reactions after drugs had been administered.
November 2003
Drug Cocktails and Patient Outcomes
By comparing [Pyxis](entity:object-recall-object-pyxis-3cf933afd93e) activity with the patient records, [Amy Loughren](entity:character-recall-character-amy-loughren-a886e1e2e5ed) saw patterns of drugs that could work together to destabilize vulnerable patients. Cullen’s chart browsing appeared to let him follow the effects from a distance, while the medications were delivered by other nurses or infused through prepared IV bags.
November 29, 2003
Gall’s Death Becomes Homicide
Toxicology results from [Florian Gall](entity:character-recall-character-florian-gall-c979001cc01a)’s exhumed remains showed substantial digoxin. The medical examiner changed the cause of death to digoxin toxicity and the manner to homicide, giving the investigation a confirmed murder victim but not yet proof tying [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) to the fatal dose.
October to November 2003
Tracking Cullen’s Car
With no direct evidence sufficient to arrest [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348), detectives obtained a tracking device for his Ford Escort under the pretext of resolving parking tickets. The surveillance let them follow his movements while they continued building a case and feared he might return to hospital work.
December 2003
A Warning to Montgomery
When detectives learned that [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) had applied to [Montgomery Hospital](entity:location-recall-location-montgomery-hospital-006586e1e1f9), [Tim Braun](entity:character-recall-character-tim-braun-8963f0101bc8) contacted the hospital’s vice president and urged her to remove him from the schedule. Cullen was kept away from patients, though Braun could not disclose the full investigation or its evidence.
December 2003
The Undercover Restaurant Meeting
[Amy Loughren](entity:character-recall-character-amy-loughren-a886e1e2e5ed) met [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) wearing a concealed microphone, hoping he would reveal what he had done. He spoke about the deaths, earlier investigations, and his suspicions that authorities were closing in, but the recording was badly distorted and yielded no clear confession.
December 2003
Cullen’s Arrest
After the restaurant meeting, officers stopped [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) and arrested him. Detectives questioned him for hours about the suspicious deaths and his medication records, but he denied responsibility or said that he could not discuss the incidents.
December 2003
A Confession to Amy
In another recorded meeting, [Amy Loughren](entity:character-recall-character-amy-loughren-a886e1e2e5ed) pressed [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) about whether he had killed patients. He appeared to detach from the conversation and told her, in a low, halting voice, that he wanted to go down fighting; the recording did not capture enough to establish a clear confession.
December 2003
The Final Interrogation
After Cullen’s arrest, [Tim Braun](entity:character-recall-character-tim-braun-8963f0101bc8) and [Danny Baldwin](entity:character-recall-character-danny-baldwin-bb9df9ee655e) tried to persuade him that the evidence and Amy’s cooperation left him no way out. He broke down but continued repeating that he could not talk, and prosecutors initially ordered the questioning stopped.
December 2003
Seven Hours of Confession
With [Amy Loughren](entity:character-recall-character-amy-loughren-a886e1e2e5ed) present, [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) began describing patients he had poisoned and the course of his work across hospitals. He framed his actions as interventions, avoided the language of murder, and told a long, carefully shaped story that identified around forty victims.
After the confession
The Scale of the Death Toll
Investigators compared Cullen’s statements with work schedules, patient charts, drug records, and reports from families and staff. He had forgotten or omitted victims, while some of his recollections could not be independently verified; experts later estimated that the real total might be far higher than the cases they could prove.
April 2004
Guilty Pleas and Cooperation
[Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) pleaded guilty in [New Jersey](entity:location-recall-location-new-jersey-25586b9a9d1c) to thirteen murders and two attempted murders. Prosecutors removed the death penalty from consideration in exchange for his cooperation, and investigators continued reviewing records from the hospitals where he had worked.
2004 onward
More Victims Identified
The investigation expanded across hospitals and states, cross-referencing hundreds of tips with patient records and Cullen’s work history. At [Somerset Medical Center](entity:location-recall-location-somerset-medical-cen-d0b3ecd7b8fd) alone, investigators ultimately confirmed sixteen murders from the final six months of his career, while the incomplete records at earlier hospitals left many deaths unresolved.
March 20, 2006
Victims’ Families Confront Cullen
At the [Lehigh County Courthouse](entity:location-recall-location-lehigh-county-courth-0c5bc6ea1474), [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) repeatedly disrupted proceedings and shouted at the judge while families waited to speak about the harm he had caused. Court officers gagged and restrained him, but the outburst continued through the victims’ statements and deepened families’ anger.
August 2005 onward
A Kidney Donation Offer
From prison, [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) learned that Ernie Peckham, the brother of his former partner Catherine Westerfer, needed a kidney. Cullen offered to donate, an act that victims’ families and the public viewed as disturbing, potentially self-serving, or impossible to separate from his past.
2005 to 2006
A Perfect Tissue Match
Cullen’s blood proved to be a rare six-for-six match for Ernie Peckham. Reverend Kathleen Roney and attorney Johnnie Mask helped pursue the donation through legal and medical obstacles, while families of Cullen’s victims objected to allowing him a public opportunity to give life after taking it.
August 18, 2006
Kidney Transplant
Under heavy security, [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) was taken from prison to Saint Francis Medical Center and prepared for surgery under the alias Johnny Quest. His kidney was flown to [Stony Brook Hospital](entity:location-recall-location-stony-brook-hospital-a722b630b4a9) and transplanted into Ernie Peckham, where it began functioning in its new recipient.
2004 to 2005
The Reporting Laws Change
The [New Jersey State Legislature](entity:organization-recall-organization-new-jersey-state-f8fde63a587c) passed the Patient Safety Act and the [Enhancement Act](entity:rule-recall-rule-enhancement-act-945e1c30b91d) in response to the failures exposed by the Cullen case. The measures required more reporting of serious preventable events and certain disciplinary information about health-care professionals, though the book notes that enforcement penalties remained limited.
2007 to 2010
Civil Liability Rulings
Families sued hospitals where [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) had worked, and most [New Jersey](entity:location-recall-location-new-jersey-25586b9a9d1c) cases were settled without public trials. Courts examining the [Saint Luke’s Hospital](entity:location-recall-location-saint-luke-s-hospita-c90c6c8a46d4) and Somerset dispute criticized the selective warnings about Cullen, finding that Saint Luke’s had assumed a duty to protect patients yet failed to disclose its concerns to Somerset.
October 2012
Amy Meets Cullen Again
[Amy Loughren](entity:character-recall-character-amy-loughren-a886e1e2e5ed) visited [Charles Cullen](entity:character-recall-character-charles-cullen-5c0488eb6348) in prison for the first time since his confession and asked him to forgive her for her role in his arrest. He told her that the outcome was not her fault; she still did not tell him that she had been the confidential informant who helped bring him down.